Benjamin Wheeler Simmons

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2nd great-grandfather of Dorotha Piechocki

 

Private     Co. C    146th NYS Volunteers

Dates of Service:  19 Sep 1863 - 04 Oct 1864

 

Benjamin Wheeler Simmons was born in 1831 in Bristol, Ontario Co., NY, to a farming family. In 1853, he married Abigail Betsy Stone, who gave birth the following year to their first child, a son they named Ai. Like his father and grandfathers before him, Benjamin was a farmer, toiling hard to support his family. In 1862, a baby daughter, Eveline, joined them.

Abigail Betsy Stone
Abigail Betsy Stone

In the early years of the war, thousands of men volunteered. By the year 1863, as these early enlistments expired or the men died, the need for more soldiers was becoming serious. The U.S. government set recruiting quotas for each state, and then each state, in turn, assigned quotas for each congressional district. To get enough volunteers to fulfill the quota, counties would pay a bounty and/or conscript new recruits. On Sept. 19, 1863, at the age of 33, married and with two young children, Benjamin mustered into the 146th New York "Volunteers." 

 

Benjamin’s records indicate that he was drafted, but he was also promised a bounty of $100. His monthly muster records show that he never received any of it, each month's remarks stating, "Due soldier 1st installment US Bounty $25. . . .", right up until the last entry. Some conscripts were able to buy substitutes to serve in their places, but at a cost of $300 to $1,000, surely that was too expensive for a farmer like Benjamin to even consider. Perhaps he even secretly wanted to "see the elephant," a popular phrase of the time meaning a desire to experience something new and exciting. More likely he felt a moral and patriotic obligation to go, to serve his country as his grandfathers had done during the Revolution.

 

In any event, Benjamin mustered in and was assigned to the 146th New York, a Zouave Regiment of about 1,000 men whose uniforms were modeled after the French Army in North Africa. They were well-trained and known for their valor. The 146th was always in need of replacements, and had only recently lost 96 men at Gettysburg. In addition to this bad luck, Gen. Grant had just taken over the Army of the Potomac. Grant’s battle plan was to take his new army and wage a war of attrition against Lee’s Army of Virginia. Grant intended to fight every day and either win with superior numbers or use up both armies trying. 

 

Between May and October of 1864, Benjamin and the 146th NY participated in seven major battles, ten engagements, and dozens of skirmishes with the enemy, including the Mine Run Campaign, the Battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor, and the Siege of Petersburg. 

 

“The Wilderness” was the first major engagement that Benjamin fought in, and it could not have been a more horrible baptism of fire, with many more such engagements to come. The night before the battle the 146th and its Division slept in the Chancellorsville battle field littered with skulls and bones from last years debacle. 

 

General Grant did not want a fight here but wanted instead to “quick-foot it” through this quagmire of brambles and thickets. However, Confederate General Lee thought it a perfect place to halt the Union advance. Confederate General Ewall and his division was not only in the Wilderness but was waiting just inside it.

 

The 5th Corps was always the lead elements of the Army Of The Potomac, and they were the first to enter into the Wilderness and meet Ewall’s men hidden in the woods at the far end of Saunders Field. The first attempt by Union regulars failed and they came running back. Next up was the Zouaves of the 140th and 146th New York Regiments. At 1:00 p.m., they charged across the 300-yard field “with a shout that drowned out all other sounds.” The other regiments broke and fell back but the 140th and the 146th continued on through the hellish volley fire coming from both their front and flanks. One Zouave recalled, “It seemed like the whole of the regiment had been annihilated." To make matters worse, Battery B of the 1st New York was accidentally firing their guns into the backs of the Zouaves. 

 

Staggering but undaunted the two regiments reached the woods and the rebel line of defense. Now in the woods and under the trees the two sides fought hand-to-hand with musket butt, bayonet and rocks, grimly and desperately. Soon the woods caught fire and spread fast throughout. The wounded that could not move began screaming as the fires reached them. Reinforcements reached the Confederates first, thus forcing the 140th and 146th to fall back. As the Confederates chased after them, the Zouaves began to run back, creating a routed chase in which many were captured. For the rest of the two-day battle the two regiments were posted on the army's right flank in a defensive position where it skirmished with Confederate forces day and night. The promised reinforcements never showed up. 

 

During the two-day battle of the Wilderness, the 146th lost 312 men and the 140th 265 men out of a total of 1,600 soldiers engaged that afternoon. Total Union losses were over 17,000 men, and Confederate losses were nearly the same.

A few days later, the 146th fought at Spottsylvania. This two-day battle ended with an early morning attack that nearly broke the Confederate center and would have won the war, but was beaten back when Gen. Lee personally led a counter-attack at a place now known as the "Bloody Angle." The 146th lost 16 men there, but the Union Army had lost another 11,000 soldiers.

 

Between May 8th and May 31st, the regiment lost ten more men while fighting in five more engagements. Gen. Grant’s plan was working only too well, but the army must have had very mixed feelings about him. They were finally winning the war, but they had lost over 50,000 of their friends and fellow soldiers in just one month, while the South had lost just 30,000. They hoped that these battles would soon end the war. Everyday the army would fight and then march off, leaving the dead and wounded behind, then fight again as Grant tried to position his army between Richmond and Lee’s troops.

 

Benjamin and the 146th fought in more battles. On June 10, 1864, Grant ordered his army to attack Lee at Cold Harbor, Virginia. 50,000 men of the Union Army advanced in a suicide charge three miles long and lost 12,000 men killed or wounded in less than an hour. The 146th and a large part of the division had to dig in with cups, plates and bayonets, lying under what cover they could find until night fall when they could crawl their way back to their lines. The 146th lost 55 more men that day.

 

Between June 12th and June 19th, the 146th lost 17 more men in five more engagements when Lee’s army finally dug in around the city of Petersburg and the 146th participated in the siege. Benjamin was part of the "Battle of the Crater" on July 30, 1864. This was one of the strangest attacks of the Civil War, where a mine shaft was dug under the walls of Petersburg and 80 tons of black powder was exploded to make a 500-yard crater in the center of Lee’s lines. Unfortunately, the following attack was badly planned: no ladders were given to the soldiers for climbing out of the crater once inside, and the officers who were to lead the charge left their positions and got drunk during the attack. A chance to win the war failed once more. The 146th, being on the right flank of the crater, did not go into the hellish pit but still lost another 17 men while in support of the attack.

 

On August 19, 1864, the 146th with the 5th Corps under General Gouverneur K. Warren, moved three miles south of Petersburg with the intent to destroy and hold a portion of the Weldon Railroad, near Globe Tavern. This was the last supply route into the city and into Richmond. While in the process of destruction, a desperate Confederate force of three brigades attacked. The attack struck into the center of their division shattering their ranks and forcing them to be pulled back a half mile. The Division and the 146th reformed and held off the attack until night fall. The next day the Confederates tried once more but with the entire 5th Corps now deployed, the Rebel attack met with disaster. Losses these two days totaled between 1,600 and 2,300 Confederate soldiers either killed or wounded, while the Union incurred 4,279 men lost with half of them taken as prisoners. The 146th lost 46 more men.

 

So far, in three months of fighting, the 146th had lost 456 of its 1,000 original men, and everyone, including Benjamin, must have wondered if he would be next.

 

On September 4, 1864, while on a skirmish line facing a South Carolina regiment, Benjamin was struck by a Confederate minie ball in the left arm, just above the wrist, shattering both bones. Although not necessarily a mortal wound, it was a very serious one and must have been incredibly painful. For at least a week after he was wounded, he remained with his regiment. Perhaps his fear of the Surgeon outweighed his pain. Medical treatment during the War was considered horrible even then, and many chose to care for their own wounds rather than face a surgeon. Shattered bones could not be repaired in field hospitals, so arms and legs were amputated instead. Or was it that he did not wish to abandon his comrades after so many months of shared hardship? History does not tell us.

 

Finally, Benjamin was brought to a medical station where he was transported by steamboat up the Potomac River to Armory Square Hospital (on the site of the old Smithsonian Castle) in Washington, D.C., being admitted for treatment on Sept. 12. On Sept. 28, the surgeon recorded that "pyemia," or blood poisoning, had set in, and treated him with "quinine, opium and brandy." There being no such thing as antibiotics, infections either ran their course or killed you. On October 4th, 1864, one month after receiving his gunshot wound, Benjamin Wheeler Simmons died.

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Benjamin was originally buried in Arlington Cemetery but his body was claimed by his family, taken home and buried in Baptist Hill Cemetery, near his father, his grandparents, and his great-grandparents, in Bristol, Ontario, New York. A fine marble headstone was erected over him, perhaps purchased with the $100 bounty owed to him for enlistment.

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His wife, Abigail, never remarried. Unable to remain on the farm she and Benjamin had shared, she was forced to take employment as housekeeper with another family, who provided room and board for her and her 3-year-old daughter Eveline. Her son, Ai, 10 years old, was sent to his uncle’s farm to earn his keep. After filing and appealing for two years, Abigail was finally awarded a pension of $14 per month.  

 

Six years later Ai left New York to go West and try ranching. Stopping awhile in Belding, Michigan, to take a job breaking horses, he caught a pretty girl's eye and stayed, to marry and raise a family of six children. Later, during World War I, two of Ai's sons went to fight in France, and later still, two grandsons served with the Army Air Corps during World War II. Although they all returned, Ai must have feared losing his sons and grandsons, as he had lost his father, in wars where he was first too young and then too old to go himself. 

 

ADDITIONAL SOURCES: NARA records in our possession; Ancestry dot com; wikipedia; nps.gov; findagrave; TimeLife "The Civil War"; keithrocco dot com; arlingtoncemetery.mil

 

GRAVESITE:  Evergreen Cemetery, Bristol, Ontario Co., NY

Written by Jerry and Dorotha Simmons Piechocki, February 2001

Updated April 2020